Maximum Allowable Blood Loss (ABL) Without Transfusion

Why Use

Helps with determining when to transfuse a patient if blood count values are not immediately available.

When to Use

Patients with blood loss, typically during surgery, who may need transfusion.

Formula

Pearls / Pitfalls

The Maximum Allowable Blood Loss Without Transfusion calculator suggests how much blood can be lost, typically during surgery, before transfusion should be considered. Transfusion triggers vary by patient and clinical presentation. Patients with hemoglobin concentrations below 6 g/dL almost always require transfusion. In stable patients with hemoglobin values 6-10 g/dL, the decision whether to transfuse is based on an evaluation of clinical status; patients with values above 10 g/dL rarely require transfusion unless they are unstable or have signs/symptoms consistent with continued hemorrhage. Point to Keep in Mind Gross in 1983 showed that a blood loss greater than 20% of estimated blood volume will cause the maximum allowable value to be inaccurate.

Management

Estimating blood loss intraoperatively can be done via direct measure of blood in suction canister along with measuring soiled sponges. This method is only an estimate to measure blood loss. Patient vitals and clinical signs should be evaluated clinically first. Capacity by sponge type: 4x4s: ~10 mL blood Gauze sponges (Ray-Tec):~10-20 mL blood Laparotomy (lap) sponges: ~50-100 mL blood Consider timing of blood loss. Acute blood loss may not present with a drop in hemoglobin. Always monitor clinical metrics such as hemodynamics and respiratory status along with anticipated blood loss. The trigger to transfuse varies by patient.

Advice

During blood loss, dilution of remaining hemoglobin occurs as intravascular volume is maintained by fluid shifts and administration of fluids. Consider transfusing if estimated blood loss exceeds calculated allowable blood loss.